THE EVIDENCE BEHIND THE EXPLORER
Sources & methods
Definitions, populations and uncertainty belong with every finding.
Read the full methods · Understand the evidence types
What this edition includes: ACS 2020–2024 microdata comparisons with replicate uncertainty and age standardization; published geographic tables; two modeled CDC health indicators; Census boundaries; and a San Leandro parcel-context note. Only the microdata are linked at person level.
Microdata outcome dictionary
Income below 200% of the poverty threshold
Eligible population: Adults 18+ in housing units with a determined poverty status
This is a research threshold, not HUD area median income or a program eligibility rule.
Variables: POVPIP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Age standardization available.
Income below the poverty threshold
Eligible population: Adults 18+ in housing units with a determined poverty status
Family/individual poverty status as defined by Census. A different population from all-age poverty rates.
Variables: POVPIP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Observed rates only.
No health insurance
Eligible population: Adults 18–64 in housing units
Coverage is measured at interview; this is not a measure of disease or access experience.
Variables: HICOV, AGEP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Age standardization available.
No internet access at home
Eligible population: Adults 18+ in housing units with valid household internet-access data
People living in households without any internet access. Includes all forms of reported access; not a fixed-broadband-only measure. Suppression code 8 is excluded.
Variables: ACCESSINET. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Observed rates only.
Rent at least 30% of household income
Eligible population: Adults 18+ in cash-rent housing units with a computable gross-rent-to-income ratio
Person-weighted adults, not a count or share of renter households. Excludes rent-free housing and uncomputable income ratios.
Variables: TEN, GRPIP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Age standardization available.
Rent at least 50% of household income
Eligible population: Adults 18+ in cash-rent housing units with a computable gross-rent-to-income ratio
Person-weighted adults. Gross rent includes utilities; ratios at 101 or more are top-coded.
Variables: TEN, GRPIP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Observed rates only.
Limited English and income below 200% of poverty
Eligible population: Adults 18+ in housing units with a determined poverty status
Joint circumstances observed on the same person record. Limited English means reporting English less than very well; it does not establish preferred service language.
Variables: LANX, ENG, POVPIP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Observed rates only.
Limited English, low income, and no internet or insurance
Eligible population: Adults 18–64 in housing units with valid poverty, insurance and household internet data
Joint English less than very well + income below 200% of poverty + at least one of no internet/no insurance. Counts each person once; does not measure unmet demand.
Variables: LANX, ENG, POVPIP, ACCESSINET, HICOV. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Observed rates only.
Unemployed within the civilian labor force
Eligible population: Adults 18–64 in housing units who are in the civilian labor force
Excludes people outside the labor force and the armed forces.
Variables: ESR, AGEP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Observed rates only.
Bachelor’s degree or higher
Eligible population: Adults age 25+ in housing units with educational attainment recorded
Education is a resource measure. Higher values are not an access barrier.
Variables: SCHL, AGEP. Person weight PWGTP; 80 replicate weights; 95% confidence intervals. Observed rates only.
Language groups and Census codes
English only uses LANX=2; non-English home language uses LANX=1. English less than very well uses ENG=2,3,4; very well uses ENG=1. Codes below refer to LANP. The other-language group contains remaining non-English codes.
- English only: See LANX / residual definition
- Spanish: 1200
- Chinese (including Mandarin and Cantonese): 1970, 2000, 2030, 2050
- Tagalog / Filipino: 2910, 2920
- Vietnamese: 1960
- Hindi: 1350
- Korean: 2575
- Persian (Farsi / Dari): 1290, 1292
- Russian: 1250
- Japanese: 2560
- Arabic: 4500
- French / Cajun French: 1170, 1175
- Telugu: 1730
- Gujarati: 1450
- Tamil: 1765
- Punjabi: 1420
- German: 1110
- Portuguese: 1210
- Urdu: 1360
- Thai: 2430
- Other reported home languages: See LANX / residual definition
Geographic indicator dictionary
Population
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B01003
Geography: published geography cells
Population totals may be controlled; a controlled total has no sampling margin of error.
Formula: published value
Numerator / value fields: B01003_001E
Denominator fields: Published value; see provider definition
Residents under 18
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B01001
Geography: published geography cells
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B01001_003E, B01001_004E, B01001_005E, B01001_006E, B01001_027E, B01001_028E, B01001_029E, B01001_030E
Denominator fields: B01001_001E
Residents age 65 and older
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B01001
Geography: published geography cells
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B01001_020E, B01001_021E, B01001_022E, B01001_023E, B01001_024E, B01001_025E, B01001_044E, B01001_045E, B01001_046E, B01001_047E, B01001_048E, B01001_049E
Denominator fields: B01001_001E
Median household income
Population: Households
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B19013
Geography: published geography cells
2024 inflation-adjusted dollars. Medians are not summed or averaged across counties.
Formula: published value
Numerator / value fields: B19013_001E
Denominator fields: Published value; see provider definition
Residents below the poverty threshold
Population: People for whom poverty status is determined
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B17001
Geography: published geography cells
Official Census poverty measure; not a local living-wage standard or a grant eligibility determination.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B17001_002E
Denominator fields: B17001_001E
Renter households
Population: Occupied housing units
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B25003
Geography: published geography cells
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B25003_003E
Denominator fields: B25003_001E
Rent at least 30% of household income
Population: Renter-occupied housing units paying cash rent with a computable rent-to-income ratio
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B25070
Geography: published geography cells
Excludes the “not computed” category. Gross rent includes relevant utility costs.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B25070_007E, B25070_008E, B25070_009E, B25070_010E
Denominator fields: B25070_002E, B25070_003E, B25070_004E, B25070_005E, B25070_006E, B25070_007E, B25070_008E, B25070_009E, B25070_010E
Broadband subscription of any type
Population: Households
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B28002
Geography: published geography cells
Includes cellular data. Subscription does not establish affordability, speed, or digital literacy.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B28002_004E
Denominator fields: B28002_001E
No internet access
Population: Households
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B28002
Geography: published geography cells
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B28002_013E
Denominator fields: B28002_001E
No vehicle available
Population: Households
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B08201
Geography: published geography cells
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B08201_002E
Denominator fields: B08201_001E
Residents with a disability
Population: Civilian noninstitutionalized population
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B18101
Geography: published geography cells
Survey disability status, not a measure of access to care or severity.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B18101_023E, B18101_026E, B18101_029E, B18101_019E, B18101_032E, B18101_035E, B18101_038E, B18101_004E, B18101_010E, B18101_013E, B18101_016E, B18101_007E
Denominator fields: B18101_001E
Residents without health insurance
Population: Civilian noninstitutionalized population
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B27001
Geography: published geography cells
All ages; do not compare directly with adult-only health indicators.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B27001_023E, B27001_026E, B27001_029E, B27001_042E, B27001_036E, B27001_033E, B27001_039E, B27001_051E, B27001_054E, B27001_048E, B27001_045E, B27001_057E, B27001_008E, B27001_005E, B27001_020E, B27001_011E, B27001_014E, B27001_017E
Denominator fields: B27001_001E
Foreign-born residents
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B05002
Geography: published geography cells
Nativity is not language, ethnicity, citizenship, or immigration status. Includes naturalized citizens.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B05002_013E
Denominator fields: B05002_001E
Bachelor’s degree or higher
Population: Residents age 25 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B15003
Geography: published geography cells
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B15003_022E, B15003_023E, B15003_024E, B15003_025E
Denominator fields: B15003_001E
Civilian labor force unemployed
Population: Civilian labor force age 16 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B23025
Geography: published geography cells
A five-year survey estimate, not a current monthly unemployment rate.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B23025_005E
Denominator fields: B23025_003E
A language other than English at home
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Does not establish primary language, first language, proficiency in other languages, or preferred service language.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_003E, C16001_006E, C16001_009E, C16001_012E, C16001_015E, C16001_018E, C16001_021E, C16001_024E, C16001_027E, C16001_030E, C16001_033E, C16001_036E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
English spoken less than “very well”
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Self-reported English-speaking ability among people reporting a non-English home language, expressed here as a share of all residents age 5+. It is not a direct count of interpreter requests.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_005E, C16001_008E, C16001_011E, C16001_014E, C16001_017E, C16001_020E, C16001_023E, C16001_026E, C16001_029E, C16001_032E, C16001_035E, C16001_038E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Speak only English
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_002E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Spanish
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_003E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
French, Haitian, or Cajun
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_006E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
German or other West Germanic languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_009E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Russian, Polish, or other Slavic languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_012E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Other Indo-European languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_015E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Korean
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_018E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Chinese (incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_021E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Vietnamese
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_024E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Tagalog (incl. Filipino)
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_027E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Other Asian and Pacific Island languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_030E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Arabic
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_033E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
Other and unspecified languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: C16001
Geography: published geography cells
Census-published category. May combine several languages; English is also spoken by many people in non-English categories.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: C16001_036E
Denominator fields: C16001_001E
English only: below the poverty threshold
Population: Residents age 5+ in this home-language group for whom poverty status is determined
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16009
Geography: published geography cells
A joint language-by-poverty tabulation. Broad language groups cannot be separated into individual languages; age composition and other factors are not adjusted.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B16009_004E, B16009_010E
Denominator fields: B16009_004E, B16009_010E, B16009_017E, B16009_023E
Spanish: below the poverty threshold
Population: Residents age 5+ in this home-language group for whom poverty status is determined
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16009
Geography: published geography cells
A joint language-by-poverty tabulation. Broad language groups cannot be separated into individual languages; age composition and other factors are not adjusted.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B16009_005E, B16009_011E
Denominator fields: B16009_005E, B16009_011E, B16009_018E, B16009_024E
Other Indo-European languages: below the poverty threshold
Population: Residents age 5+ in this home-language group for whom poverty status is determined
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16009
Geography: published geography cells
A joint language-by-poverty tabulation. Broad language groups cannot be separated into individual languages; age composition and other factors are not adjusted.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B16009_006E, B16009_012E
Denominator fields: B16009_006E, B16009_012E, B16009_019E, B16009_025E
Asian and Pacific Island languages: below the poverty threshold
Population: Residents age 5+ in this home-language group for whom poverty status is determined
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16009
Geography: published geography cells
A joint language-by-poverty tabulation. Broad language groups cannot be separated into individual languages; age composition and other factors are not adjusted.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B16009_007E, B16009_013E
Denominator fields: B16009_007E, B16009_013E, B16009_020E, B16009_026E
Other languages: below the poverty threshold
Population: Residents age 5+ in this home-language group for whom poverty status is determined
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16009
Geography: published geography cells
A joint language-by-poverty tabulation. Broad language groups cannot be separated into individual languages; age composition and other factors are not adjusted.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B16009_008E, B16009_014E
Denominator fields: B16009_008E, B16009_014E, B16009_021E, B16009_027E
Speak only English
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_002E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Spanish
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_003E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Chinese (incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_075E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Tagalog (incl. Filipino)
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_099E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Hindi
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_048E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Vietnamese
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_087E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Telugu
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_066E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Punjabi
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_054E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Korean
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_081E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Tamil
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_069E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Persian (incl. Farsi, Dari)
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_042E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
French (incl. Cajun)
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_006E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Arabic
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_105E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Nepali, Marathi, or other Indic languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_060E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Gujarati
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_045E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Ilocano, Samoan, Hawaiian, or other Austronesian languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_102E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Other languages of Asia
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_096E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Amharic, Somali, or other Afro-Asiatic languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_111E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Malayalam, Kannada, or other Dravidian languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_072E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Urdu
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_051E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Portuguese
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_015E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Japanese
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_078E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Russian
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_027E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
German
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_018E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Other Indo-European languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_063E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Yoruba, Twi, Igbo, or other languages of Western Africa
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_114E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Khmer
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_090E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Bengali
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_057E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Thai, Lao, or other Tai-Kadai languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_093E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Other and unspecified languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_126E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Italian
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_012E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Ukrainian or other Slavic languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_036E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Serbo-Croatian
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_033E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Hebrew
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_108E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Polish
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_030E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Swahili or other languages of Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_117E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Yiddish, Pennsylvania Dutch or other West Germanic languages
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_021E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Greek
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_024E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Armenian
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_039E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Haitian
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_009E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Hmong
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_084E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Other Native languages of North America
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_123E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
Navajo
Population: Residents age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16001
Geography: sum of whole PUMAs
SLP sum of whole 2020 PUMAs within the county. Not a Census-published county B16001 estimate. No city estimate is inferred.
Formula: 100 × sum of PUMA category estimates / sum of PUMA age-5+ totals
Numerator / value fields: B16001_120E
Denominator fields: B16001_001E
White alone, non-Hispanic
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_003E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
Black alone, non-Hispanic
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_004E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
American Indian / Alaska Native alone, non-Hispanic
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_005E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
Asian alone, non-Hispanic
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_006E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander alone, non-Hispanic
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_007E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
Other race alone, non-Hispanic
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_008E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
Two or more races, non-Hispanic
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_009E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
Hispanic or Latino, any race
Population: All residents
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B03002
Geography: published geography cells
Mutually exclusive race/ethnicity categories from B03002. Identity is not a proxy for language, nationality or culture.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B03002_012E
Denominator fields: B03002_001E
Non-English home language among native-born residents
Population: Census native population age 5 and older
Period: 2020–2024
Source: B16008
Geography: published geography cells
Census native includes people born in the U.S., U.S. island areas, or abroad to U.S. citizen parents. This measures home-language use, not first language or second-language proficiency.
Formula: 100 × sum(numerator cells) / sum(denominator cells)
Numerator / value fields: B16008_008E, B16008_005E, B16008_016E, B16008_013E
Denominator fields: B16008_002E
Frequent mental distress among adults
Population: Adults age 18 and older
Period: 2023 BRFSS; 2025 release
Source: CDC PLACES
Geography: published modeled geography
Modeled crude prevalence, not age-adjusted. Estimates describe areas, not language groups. CDC model inputs include ACS; socioeconomic comparisons are not independent causal evidence.
Formula: CDC published crude prevalence; no SLP recalculation
Numerator / value fields: mhlth_crudeprev
Denominator fields: Published value; see provider definition
Fair or poor self-rated health among adults
Population: Adults age 18 and older
Period: 2023 BRFSS; 2025 release
Source: CDC PLACES
Geography: published modeled geography
Modeled crude prevalence, not age-adjusted. Estimates describe areas, not language groups. CDC model inputs include ACS; socioeconomic comparisons are not independent causal evidence.
Formula: CDC published crude prevalence; no SLP recalculation
Numerator / value fields: ghlth_crudeprev
Denominator fields: Published value; see provider definition
Sources and further inspection
P1 · U.S. Census Bureau: ACS 2020-2024 PUMS User Guide
Original source ↗
Person and housing files, weights, linkage, public-use geography and replicate estimation.
P2 · U.S. Census Bureau: 2024 PUMS documentation and data dictionary
Original source ↗
Definitions of LANX, LANP, ENG, POVPIP, HICOV, TYPEHUGQ, TEN, GRPIP, ACCESSINET, ESR and SCHL. Consult the dictionary for coding and population definitions.
P3 · U.S. Census Bureau: 2020-2024 PUMS Accuracy
Original source ↗
Sampling and nonsampling error; replicate variance; negative replicate weights and handling zero uncertainty.
G1 · U.S. Census Bureau: ACS data tables
Original source ↗
Published county and place estimates, identified by table, formula and source URL in the geographic indicator dictionary.
G2 · U.S. Census Bureau: Cartographic boundary files
Original source ↗
2024 county and place boundaries used for geographic context, not individual locations.
SF1 · San Francisco Administrative Code, Section 91.4
Original source ↗
Use of bilingual employees in public-contact and public-information positions. Policy precedent; not an evaluation of workforce outcomes.
SF2 · San Francisco OCEIA: 2025 Language Access Ordinance Summary, key findings
Original source ↗
Published February 1, 2025; describes departmental reports for July 2023-June 2024. The underlying department-level compliance records were not available for this analysis; findings here use the published summary.
SF3 · San Francisco DPH: Interpreter Trainee, class 9910, 2022 recruitment
Original source ↗
Historical posting, not a current vacancy. Specifies bilingual English/Spanish or English/Cantonese, testing and interpreter-training requirements.
T1 · U.S. Census Bureau: Comparing ACS data
Original source ↗
Guidance for future trend work; this edition contains no trend estimates.
H1 · UCLA Center for Health Policy Research: CHIS public-use files
Original source ↗
Candidate specialized source. Public-use geography restrictions mean county/city linkage cannot simply be assumed.
H2 · HUD: Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy data
Original source ↗
Candidate specialized housing tabulations. Based on ACS; not an independent source of respondent evidence.
M1 · Holm, S. (1979). A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure
Original source ↗
Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6(2), 65-70. Reference for the step-down familywise multiple-testing procedure. The bibliographic reference was verified; a full-text copy was not available for this review.
SF4 · San Francisco Budget and Legislative Analyst: Language Access, April 14, 2025
Original source ↗
Exhibit 11, printed page 22, reports authorized, filled and vacant language-special-condition positions for 2018-2022. Other totals elsewhere differ; use the identified exhibit, not an undocumented combination of counts.
